Tag: 100-200

《Trace Analysis of 61 Emerging Br-, Cl-, and I-DBPs: New Methods to Achieve Part-Per-Trillion Quantification in Drinking Water》 was written by Cuthbertson, Amy A.; Liberatore, Hannah K.; Kimura, Susana Y.; Allen, Joshua M.; Bensussan, Alena V.; Richardson, Susan D.. Quality Control of 2-BromoacetamideThis research focused ontrace halo disinfection byproduct part per trillion drinking water. The article conveys some information:

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a ubiquitous source of chem. exposure in drinking H2O and were associated with serious health impacts in human epidemiol. studies. While toxicol. studies have pinpointed DBPs with the greatest toxic potency, anal. methods were lacking for quantifying complete classes of most toxic DBPs at sufficiently low quantification limits (ng/L). This new method reports the parts-per-trillion quantification for 61 toxicol. significant DBPs from 7 different chem. classes, including unregulated iodinated haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetaldehydes, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes, and haloacetamides, in addition to regulated HAAs and THMs. The final optimized method uses salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction in a single extraction method for a wide range of DBPs, producing the lowest method detection limits to-date for many compounds, including highly toxic iodinated, brominated, and N-containing DBPs. Extracts were divided for the anal. of the HAAs (including iodinated HAAs) by diazomethane derivatization and anal. using a GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with multiple reaction monitoring, resulting in higher signal-to-noise ratios, greater selectivity, and improved detection of these compounds The remaining DBPs were analyzed using a GC-single quadrupole mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring, using a multimode inlet allowed for lower injection temperatures to allow the anal. of thermally labile DBPs. Finally, the use of a specialty-phase GC column (Restek Rtx-200) significantly improved peak shapes, which improved separations and lowered detection limits. Method detection limits for most DBPs were 15-100 ng/L, and relative standard deviations in tap H2O samples were mostly between 0.2 and 30%. DBP concentrations in real samples ranged from 40 to 17,760 ng/L for this study. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2-Bromoacetamide(cas: 683-57-8Quality Control of 2-Bromoacetamide)

2-Bromoacetamide(cas: 683-57-8) can be used in preparation of (2-carbamoylmethoxy-5-chloro-benzyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. It was aslo used as precursor to dehydropeptidase I inactivator.Quality Control of 2-Bromoacetamide

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Product Details of 329-89-5《Real-time quantification of subcellular H₂O₂ and glutathione redox potential in living cardiovascular tissues》 was published in 2017. The authors were Panieri, Emiliano;Millia, Carlo;Santoro, Massimo M., and the article was included in《Free Radical Biology & Medicine》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

Detecting and measuring the dynamic redox events that occur in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding the impact of oxidants and redox events in normal and pathol. conditions. These aspects are particularly relevant in cardiovascular tissues wherein alterations of the redox balance are associated with stroke, aging, and pharmacol. intervention. An ambiguous aspect of redox biol. is how redox events occur in subcellular organelles including mitochondria, and nuclei. Genetically-encoded Rogfp2 fluorescent probes have become powerful tools for real-time detection of redox events. These probes detect hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels and glutathione redox potential (E_GSH), both with high spatiotemporal resolution By generating novel transgenic (Tg) zebrafish lines that express compartment-specific Rogfp2-Orp1 and Grx1-Rogfp2 sensors we analyzed cytosolic, mitochondrial, and the nuclear redox state of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes of living zebrafish embryos. We provide evidence for the usefulness of these Tg lines for pharmacol. compounds screening by addressing the blocking of pentose phosphate pathways (PPP) and glutathione synthesis, thus altering subcellular redox state in vivo. Rogfp2-based transgenic zebrafish lines represent valuable tools to characterize the impact of redox changes in living tissues and offer new opportunities for studying metabolic driven antioxidant response in biomedical research.6-Aminonicotinamide (cas: 329-89-5) were involved in the experimental procedure.

6-Aminonicotinamide (cas:329-89-5)Product Details of 329-89-5 is an inhibitor of the NADP+-dependent enzyme, PGD (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Studies have also shown that 6-aminonicotinamide induces apoptosis in tumor cells and causes glial cell degeneration.

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Reference of N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide《Bimodal transcranial direct current stimulation reduces alcohol consumption and induces long-term neurochemical changes in rats with neuropathic pain》 was published in 2021. The authors were Santos, Daniela Silva;Medeiros, Liciane Fernandes;Stein, Dirson Joao;De Macedo, Isabel Cristina;Da Silva Rios, Diego Evandro;De Oliveira, Carla;Toledo, Roberta Stroher;Fregni, Felipe;Caumo, Wolnei;Torres, Iraci L. S., and the article was included in《Neuroscience Letters》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated bimodal transcranial d.c. stimulation (tDCS) on alc. consumption and immunohistol. and neurochem. parameters in nerve-injured rats. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were distributed into six groups: control, neuropathic pain (NP) + sham-tDCS, NP + alc. + sham-tDCS, alc. + sham-tDCS, alc. + tDCS, and NP + alc. + tDCS. NP is induced by chronic sciatic nerve constriction (CCI). The rats were exposed to a 10% alc. solution by voluntary consumption for 14 days. From the 16th day after surgery, bimodal tDCS was applied for 20 min/day for 8 days. Brain structures were collected to evaluate the number of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-pos. neurons, neurites, and argyrophilic grains by immunohistochem., and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 by ELISA. Nerve-injured rats showed a progressive increase in alc. consumption compared to the non-injured rats. In addition, there was a reduction in voluntary alc. consumption over time induced by tDCS. Alc. exposure, chronic pain, and tDCS treatment modulated the central NPY immunoreactivity. tDCS increased the cerebellar levels of IL-6 and IL-10, and CCI and/or tDCS reduced striatal BDNF levels. The current data suggest that tDCS could be a promising non-pharmacol. adjuvant to treat patients with chronic pain who use alc. to relieve their symptoms.N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide (cas: 89-73-6) were involved in the experimental procedure.

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide(cas: 89-73-6) can be used:To prepare phenylboronic acid-based bioconjugates for chromatographic applications;As a ligand to synthesize Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes.Reference of N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
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Safety of 6-Aminonicotinamide《Inhibition of glycogen catabolism induces intrinsic apoptosis and augments multikinase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cells》 was published in 2019. The authors were Barot, Shrikant;Abo-Ali, Ehab M.;Zhou, Daisy L.;Palaguachi, Christian;Dukhande, Vikas V., and the article was included in《Experimental Cell Research》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cancers in the world in incidence and mortality. Current pharmacotherapy of HCC is limited in the number and efficacy of anticancer agents. Metabolic reprogramming is a prominent feature of many cancers and has rekindled interest in targeting metabolic proteins for cancer therapy. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose, and the levels of glycogen have been found to correlate with biol. processes in reprogrammed cancer cells. However, the contribution of glycogen metabolism to carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance is poorly understood. Thus, we studied the processes involved in the inhibition of glycogen metabolism in HCC cells. Pharmacol. inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen catabolism, by CP-91149 led to a decrease in HCC cell viability. GP inhibition induced cancer cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic adaptations accompanied this apoptosis process whereas endoplasmic reticulum stress, necrosis, and necroptosis were not major components of the cell death. In addition, GP inhibition potentiated the effects of multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and regorafenib, which are key drugs in advanced-stage HCC therapy. Our study provides mechanistic insights into cell death by perturbation of glycogen metabolism and identifies GP inhibition as a potential HCC pharmacotherapy target. And 6-Aminonicotinamide (cas: 329-89-5) was used in the research process.

6-Aminonicotinamide (cas:329-89-5)Safety of 6-Aminonicotinamide is an inhibitor of the NADP+-dependent enzyme, PGD (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Studies have also shown that 6-aminonicotinamide induces apoptosis in tumor cells and causes glial cell degeneration.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Termsung, Natthida;Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan;Kunasakdakul, Kaewalin published 《First report of septoria steviae causing stevia leaf spot in Thailand》 in 2021. The article was appeared in 《Journal of Phytopathology》. They have made some progress in their research.Category: amides-buliding-blocks The article mentions the following:

Stevia leaf spot is present in stevia production fields in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The disease was characterized by distinct lesions with angular chlorotic halos that result in defoliation. Based on morphol. characters and sequence anal. of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), rDNA 28S subunit (LSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes, the pathogen was identified as Septoria steviae. Pathogenicity tests proved Koch’s postulates, supporting S. steviae as the causal agent of stevia leaf spot in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Mancozeb, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin significantly inhibited mycelial growth of S. steviae under in vitro conditions at label the recommended concentrations To our knowledge, this is the first report of Septoria leaf spot disease on stevia caused by S. steviae in Thailand. And N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide (cas: 89-73-6) was used in the research process.

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide(cas: 89-73-6) is a hydroxamic acid that inhibits the activity of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) reductase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of PHBA to benzoic acid. Category: amides-buliding-blocks The compound has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial functions, leading to cell death.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sun, Y.;Gu, X.;Zhang, E.;Park, M-A.;Pereira, A. M.;Wang, S.;Morrison, T.;Li, C.;Blenis, J.;Gerbaudo, V. H.;Henske, E. P.;Yu, J. J. published 《Estradiol promotes pentose phosphate pathway addiction and cell survival via reactivation of Akt in mTORC1 hyperactive cells》 in 2014. The article was appeared in 《Cell Death & Disease》. They have made some progress in their research.Category: amides-buliding-blocks The article mentions the following:

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a female-predominant interstitial lung disease that can lead to respiratory failure. LAM cells typically have inactivating TSC2 mutations, leading to mTORC1 activation. The gender specificity of LAM suggests that estradiol contributes to disease development, yet the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not completely understood. Using metabolomic profiling, we identified an estradiol-enhanced pentose phosphate pathway signature in Tsc2-deficient cells. Estradiol increased levels of cellular NADPH, decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, and enhanced cell survival under oxidative stress. Mechanistically, estradiol reactivated Akt in TSC2-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo, induced membrane translocation of glucose transporters (GLUT1 or GLUT4), and increased glucose uptake in an Akt-dependent manner. ¹⁸F-FDG-PET imaging demonstrated enhanced glucose uptake in xenograft tumors of Tsc2-deficient cells from estradiol-treated mice. Expression array study identified estradiol-enhanced transcript levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. Consistent with this, G6PD was abundant in xenograft tumors and lung metastatic lesions of Tsc2-deficient cells from estradiol-treated mice. Mol. depletion of G6PD attenuated estradiol-enhanced survival in vitro, and treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide, a competitive inhibitor of G6PD, reduced lung colonization of Tsc2-deficient cells. Collectively, these data indicate that estradiol promotes glucose metabolism in mTORC1 hyperactive cells through the pentose phosphate pathway via Akt reactivation and G6PD upregulation, thereby enhancing cell survival under oxidative stress. Interestingly, a strong correlation between estrogen exposure and G6PD was also found in breast cancer cells. Targeting the pentose phosphate pathway may have therapeutic benefit for LAM and possibly other hormonally dependent neoplasms. And 6-Aminonicotinamide (cas: 329-89-5) was used in the research process.

6-Aminonicotinamide (cas:329-89-5)Category: amides-buliding-blocks induces apoptosis in tumor cells. It is clinically used in disseminated neoplastic disease. It also acts as 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibitor. It aids in the treatment of psoriasis. It is used as cancer chemotherapeutic drug in animals.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Islas-Flores, Hariz;Perez-Alvarez, Itzayana;Gomez-Olivan, Leobardo M. published 《Evaluation of teratogenicity of pharmaceuticals using FETAX》 in 2018. The article was appeared in 《Methods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States)》. They have made some progress in their research.Reference of 6-Aminonicotinamide The article mentions the following:

A review. Pharmaceuticals are chem.compounds which are used to preserve human and animal health. Once administered, these compoundsare metabolized or can remain unaltered until excreted. Therefore, a mixtureof pharmaceuticals and their metabolites enters municipal sewers and wastewater treatment plants where, depending on their polarity, water solubility, and persistence, they cannot be completely removed or transformed during the treatment process, so that unaltered pharmaceuticals and/or their metabolites can enter surface water. As a result, in recent years concern has grown about trace concentrations and the risk they pose to ecosystems, considering the annual increase in pharmaceutical productionand use at world level. This chapter reviews the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Originally developed during the mid-1980s as a test for detecting the developmental toxicity of pure chem. products and complex mixturesin the laboratory, in recent years it has been used to evaluate the mechanisms of action, biotransformation, and detoxification of xenobiotics as well as in ecotoxicol. studies using alternative species and in situ monitoring. And 6-Aminonicotinamide (cas: 329-89-5) was used in the research process.

6-Aminonicotinamide (cas:329-89-5)Reference of 6-Aminonicotinamide is a well-established inhibitor of the NADP+-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Ki = 0.46 μM). 6-Aminonicotinamide also reduces cardiovascular oxidative injury following ischemia/reperfusion.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

SDS of cas: 89-73-6《Cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways of mitochondrial electron transport chain are important for the photosynthetic performance of pea plants under salinity stress conditions》 was published in 2020. The authors were Analin, Benedict;Mohanan, Akhil;Bakka, Kavya;Challabathula, Dinakar, and the article was included in《Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France)》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

In the current study, importance of COX and AOX pathways for photosynthetic performance of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. Pea Arkel cv) was analyzed by using the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors Antimycin A (AA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) which restrict the electron flow through COX and AOX pathways resp. Salinity stress resulted in decreased CO₂ assimilation rates, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration in a stress dependent manner. Superimposition of leaves of salt stressed plants with AA and SHAM caused cellular H₂O₂ and O^–2 accumulation along with cell death. Addnl., aggravation in decrease of CO₂ assimilation rates, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration upon superimposition with AA and SHAM during salinity stress suggests the importance of mitochondrial oxidative electron transport for photosynthesis. Increased expression of AOX1a and AOX2 transcripts along with AOX protein levels indicated up regulation of AOX pathway in leaves during salinity stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed enhanced damage to Photosystem (PS) II in the presence of AA and SHAM during salinity stress. Results suggested the beneficial role of COX and AOX pathways for optimal photosynthetic performance in pea leaves during salinity stress conditions. To complete the study, the researchers used N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide (cas: 89-73-6) .

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide(cas: 89-73-6) can be used:To prepare phenylboronic acid-based bioconjugates for chromatographic applications;As a ligand to synthesize Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes.SDS of cas: 89-73-6

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Bai, Yun;Li, Bing;Wang, Sinan;Jiang, Hai;Li, Junlei;Wang, Wenjuan;Wang, Ke;Qin, Lihua;Jia, Jing published 《Effects of estrogen on STIM1/Orai1 in the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats》. The research results were published in《Histology and Histopathology》 in 2020.SDS of cas: 89-73-6 The article conveys some information:

Background. Studies have shown that estrogen can protect the function of the sublingual gland, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Besides, the STIM1/Orai1 pathway is important to secretion in the salivary gland. Here, we explore the possible effects of estrogen on sublingual gland function by observing changes of STIM1 and Orai1 levels in the sublingual glands of ovariectomized rats. Methods. 42 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: SHAM, OVX, and OVX + E (n = 14 per group). Two weeks after ovariectomy, rats were treated with estrogen (β-estradiol). The expression of STIM1 and Orai1 in the sublingual gland were observed by double label-immunohistochem. and immunofluorescence. Calcium imaging was conducted to observe changes in cellular Ca2+ levels. Results. IHC and IF showed that the levels of both STIM1 and Orai1 decreased following ovariectomy, but increased to SHAM levels after estrogen treatment. By IF, STIM1 and Orai1 exhibited perfect co-localization. Calcium imaging results showed that the Ca2+ in the cells decreased after ovariectomy. Estrogen intervention returned levels of these proteins and Ca2+ to the same as those in the control group. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that low estrogen status significantly reduced the expression of STIM1 and Orai1 in the sublingual gland of rats, along with cellular Ca2+ levels. These data provide insight into the likely mechanisms underlying sublingual gland secretion dysfunction during menopause. To complete the study, the researchers used N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide (cas: 89-73-6) .

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide(cas: 89-73-6) has also been shown to be active against wild-type strains of Candida glabrata, but not against resistant mutants. SDS of cas: 89-73-6 This drug may have therapeutic potential for bone cancer and metabolic disorders such as obesity.

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Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Name: N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide《Zinc nanoparticles: Mode of action and efficacy against boscalid-resistant Alternaria alternata isolates》 was published in 2022. The authors were Malandrakis, Anastasios A.;Kavroulakis, Nektarios;Chrysikopoulos, Constantinos V., and the article was included in《Science of the Total Environment》. The author mentioned the following in the article:

The antifungal potential of ZnO-NPs against Alternaria alternata isolates with reduced sensitivity to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) boscalid, resulting from target site modifications, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ZnO-NPs could effectively inhibit mycelial growth in a dose-dependent way in both boscalid (BOSC) sensitive (BOSC-S) and resistant (BOSC-R) isolates. The fungitoxic effect of ZnO-NPs against the pathogen was significantly enhanced when combined with boscalid compared to the individual treatments in all phenotype cases (BOSC-S/R) both in vitro and in vivo. Fungitoxic effect of ZnO-NPs could be, at least partly, attributed to zinc ion release as indicated by the pos. correlation between sensitivities to the nanoparticles and their ionic counterpart ZnSO₄ and the alleviation of the ZnO-NPs fungitoxic action in the presence of the strong chelating agent EDTA. The superior effectiveness of ZnO-NPs against A. alternata, compared to ZnSO_4, could be due to nanoparticle properties interfering with cellular ion homeostasis mechanisms. The observed additive action of the oxidative phosphorylation-uncoupler fluazinam (FM) against all phenotypes indicates a possible role of ATP-dependent ion efflux mechanism in the mode of action of ZnO-NPs. A potential role of ROS production in the fungitoxic action of ZnO-NPs was evident by the additive/synergistic action of salicylhydroxamate (SHAM), which blocks the alternative oxidase antioxidant action. Mixture of ZnO-NPs and boscalid, resulting in a “capping” effect for the nanoparticles and significantly reducing their mean size, probably accounted for the synergistic effect of the mixture against both sensitive and resistant A. alternata isolates. Summarizing, results indicated that ZnO-NPs can be effectively used against A. alternata both alone or in combination with boscalid, providing an effective tool for combating SDHI-resistance and reducing the environmental fingerprint of synthetic fungicides. And N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide (cas: 89-73-6) was used in the research process.

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide(cas: 89-73-6) is widely used for a variety of roles in biology and medicine as a chelating therapy.Name: N,2-DihydroxybenzamideIt inhibits bacterial or fungi growth by interfering with iron uptake. It is also active as a inhibitor of enzyme involved in tumour growths.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics