Papamicael, Cyril’s team published research in Heterocycles in 1998 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Milder oxidation, using reagents such as NaOCl, can remove four hydrogen atoms from primary amines of the type RCH2NH2 to form nitriles (R―C≡N), and oxidation with reagents such as MnO2 can remove two hydrogen atoms from secondary amines (R2CH―NHR′) to form imines (R2C=NR′). Tertiary amines can be oxidized to enamines (R2C=CHNR2) by a variety of reagents.SDS of cas: 70298-88-3

Papamicael, Cyril; Dupas, Georges; Queguiner, Guy; Bourguignon, Jean published their research in Heterocycles on December 31 ,1998. The article was titled 《Regioselective metalation of γ-carbolines》.SDS of cas: 70298-88-3 The article contains the following contents:

The synthesis of new 3-substituted γ-carbolines is described, and these products were subjected to ortho-lithiation experiments Whereas 3-carboxamido derivatives [I; R = CONHCMe3, CON(CHMe2)2] were cleanly lithiated at the 4-position, the 3-amino derivatives (I; R = NHCOOCMe3, NHCOCMe3) gave only small amounts of addition products. The results were compared to those previously published in the α-carboline series, and semiempirical calculations were performed. Various 3,4-disubstituted γ-carbolines were obtained in acceptable yields. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3SDS of cas: 70298-88-3)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Milder oxidation, using reagents such as NaOCl, can remove four hydrogen atoms from primary amines of the type RCH2NH2 to form nitriles (R―C≡N), and oxidation with reagents such as MnO2 can remove two hydrogen atoms from secondary amines (R2CH―NHR′) to form imines (R2C=NR′). Tertiary amines can be oxidized to enamines (R2C=CHNR2) by a variety of reagents.SDS of cas: 70298-88-3

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Li, Xiaoyan’s team published research in Tetrahedron Letters in 2004 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. The reaction of alkyl halides, R―X, where X is a halogen, or analogous reagents with ammonia (or amines) is useful with certain compounds. Not all alkyl halides are effective reagents; the reaction is sluggish with secondary alkyl groups and fails with tertiary ones. Its usefulness is largely confined to primary alkyl halides (those having two hydrogen atoms on the reacting site).Synthetic Route of C10H14N2O

Synthetic Route of C10H14N2OOn November 8, 2004 ,《Synthesis of optically active ring-A substituted tryptophans as IDO inhibitors》 appeared in Tetrahedron Letters. The author of the article were Li, Xiaoyan; Yin, Wenyuan; Sarma, P. V. V. Srirama; Zhou, Hao; Ma, Jun; Cook, James M.. The article conveys some information:

The first stereoselective synthesis of optically active 6-chloro-L-tryptophan, 5-nitro-D-tryptophan, 6-nitro-D-tryptophan, 5,6-dichloro-L-tryptophan, 6-aza-D-tryptophan, as well as the first synthesis of the optically active 7-methoxy-D-tryptophan with potential activity at IDO (IDO = indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) via the Schollkopf chiral auxiliary is described. In addition to this study using 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide, there are many other studies that have used 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Synthetic Route of C10H14N2O) was used in this study.

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. The reaction of alkyl halides, R―X, where X is a halogen, or analogous reagents with ammonia (or amines) is useful with certain compounds. Not all alkyl halides are effective reagents; the reaction is sluggish with secondary alkyl groups and fails with tertiary ones. Its usefulness is largely confined to primary alkyl halides (those having two hydrogen atoms on the reacting site).Synthetic Route of C10H14N2O

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Barton, Derek H. R.’s team published research in Tetrahedron in 1988 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime.Typically the presence of an amine functional group is deduced by a combination of techniques, including mass spectrometry as well as NMR and IR spectroscopies. 1H NMR signals for amines disappear upon treatment of the sample with D2O. In their infrared spectrum primary amines exhibit two N-H bands, whereas secondary amines exhibit only one.Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide

The author of 《The invention of radical reactions. Part XVIII. A convenient solution to the 1-carbon problem (R-CO2H → R-13CO2H)》 were Barton, Derek H. R.; Ozbalik, Nubar; Vacher, Bernard. And the article was published in Tetrahedron in 1988. Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide The author mentioned the following in the article:

Radicals generated by photolysis (W light) of esters derived from N-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone react with electrophilic isocyanides PhCH2CH2NC and (in the presence of CF3CO2H)Me(CH2)4NC to give adducts of type R1N:CRSC5H4N-2 (C5H4N-2 = 2-pyridyl). Convenient reaction procedures have been worked out to hydrolyze the adducts to amides of type RCONHR1, from which the original acid RCO2H can be regenerated under mild conditions. The three important acids oleic, linoleic and arachidonic have all given smooth reactions. In suitable examples, quant. evolution of CO2 and incorporation of 13C without dilution have been demonstrated. This reaction sequence will be useful for the labeling in the carboxyl group of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the side chain carboxyls of peptides. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime.Typically the presence of an amine functional group is deduced by a combination of techniques, including mass spectrometry as well as NMR and IR spectroscopies. 1H NMR signals for amines disappear upon treatment of the sample with D2O. In their infrared spectrum primary amines exhibit two N-H bands, whereas secondary amines exhibit only one.Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kobayashi, Kazuhiro’s team published research in Heterocycles in 2016 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines can be classified according to the nature and number of substituents on nitrogen. Aliphatic amines contain only H and alkyl substituents. Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atom connected to an aromatic ring.Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines, trimethylamine, and aniline. Inorganic derivatives of ammonia are also called amines, such as monochloramine (NClH2).HPLC of Formula: 70298-88-3

《Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]-, -[2,3-c]-, or -[3,2-c]pyridin-2-ones from the respective N-pyridinylpivalamides and α-keto esters》 was published in Heterocycles in 2016. These research results belong to Kobayashi, Kazuhiro; Kosuna, Risa; Chikazawa, Yuuki. HPLC of Formula: 70298-88-3 The article mentions the following:

A convenient synthesis of the dihydro pyrrolopyridinones, e.g., I by reaction of N-(pyridinyl)pivalamides with α-keto esters via in situ generated dilithium compounds is described. Thus, N-(3-lithiopyridin-2-yl)pivalamide reacts smoothly leading to the formation of the corresponding α-hydroxy esters. These α-hydroxy esters underwent deprotective cyclization in refluxing hydrochloric acid to afford 3-substituted 3-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-ones. Similarly, starting from N-(pyridin-3- or -4-yl)pivalamides, the corresponding 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]- or -[3,2-c]pyridin-2-one derivatives can be prepd resp. After reading the article, we found that the author used 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3HPLC of Formula: 70298-88-3)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines can be classified according to the nature and number of substituents on nitrogen. Aliphatic amines contain only H and alkyl substituents. Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atom connected to an aromatic ring.Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines, trimethylamine, and aniline. Inorganic derivatives of ammonia are also called amines, such as monochloramine (NClH2).HPLC of Formula: 70298-88-3

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Estel, L.’s team published research in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1988 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines have a free lone pair with which they can coordinate to metal centers. Amine–metal bonds are weaker because amines are incapable of backbonding, but they are still important for sensing applications.While stronger than hydrogen bonds, amine–metal bonds are still weaker than both covalent and ionic bonds.Application of 70298-88-3

Application of 70298-88-3On June 10, 1988, Estel, L.; Marsais, F.; Queguiner, G. published an article in Journal of Organic Chemistry. The article was 《Metalation/SRN1 coupling in heterocyclic synthesis. A convenient methodology for ring functionalization》. The article mentions the following:

Sequential lithiation and iodination of 2-fluoropyridine gave 85% 2-fluoro-3-iodopyridine, which underwent nucleophilic aromatic substitution with NaOMe, NH3, and MeNH2 to give 70-96% 2-substituted 3-iodopyridines I (R = iodo; R1 = OMe, NH2, NHMe). Radical nucleophilic substitution reactions of these compounds with the enolates of MeCOCMe3 or Me2CO gave pyridylmethyl ketones I (R = CH2COCMe3, CH2COMe; same R1). Intramol. cyclocondensation of I (R = CH2COCMe3, CH2COMe; R1 = NH2, NHMe) gave pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines II (R2 = H, Me; R3 = CMe3, Me). Similar iodination, radical nucleophilic enolate substitution, and cyclocondensation starting from 2-, 3-, and 4-(pivaloylamino)pyridines gave 2-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-b]-, -[2,3-c]-, and -[3,2-c]pyridines [e.g., II (R2 = H, R3 = CMe3, Me), III]. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Application of 70298-88-3)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines have a free lone pair with which they can coordinate to metal centers. Amine–metal bonds are weaker because amines are incapable of backbonding, but they are still important for sensing applications.While stronger than hydrogen bonds, amine–metal bonds are still weaker than both covalent and ionic bonds.Application of 70298-88-3

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kobayashi, Kazuhiro’s team published research in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 2016 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Reduction of nitro compounds, RNO2, by hydrogen or other reducing agents produces primary amines cleanly (i.e., without a mixture of products), but the method is mostly used for aromatic amines because of the limited availability of aliphatic nitro compounds. Reduction of nitriles and oximes (R2C=NOH) also yields primary amines.Electric Literature of C10H14N2O

《Synthesis of 2-Aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-ones by Deprotective Cyclization of N-{3-[(2E)-3-Arylprop-2-enoyl]pyridin-2-yl}-2,2-dimethylpropanamides in Water》 was published in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 2016. These research results belong to Kobayashi, Kazuhiro; Kosuna, Risa; Imaoka, Ayumi. Electric Literature of C10H14N2O The article mentions the following:

A new and convenient method for the preparation of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-ones was developed. Thus, N-{3-[(2E)-3-arylprop-2-enoyl]pyridin-2-yl}-2,2-dimethylpropanamides were synthesized from com. available pyridin-2-amine using an easily performed three-step sequence and were subjected to cyclization with deprotection under acidic conditions in H2O to give the desired products. Similarly, 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,7-naphthyridin-4(1H)-ones and 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridin-4(1H)-ones was prepared from pyridin-3-amine and pyridin-4-amine, resp. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Electric Literature of C10H14N2O)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Reduction of nitro compounds, RNO2, by hydrogen or other reducing agents produces primary amines cleanly (i.e., without a mixture of products), but the method is mostly used for aromatic amines because of the limited availability of aliphatic nitro compounds. Reduction of nitriles and oximes (R2C=NOH) also yields primary amines.Electric Literature of C10H14N2O

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kobayashi, Kazuhiro’s team published research in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 2012 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Primary amines having a tertiary alkyl group (R3CNH2) are difficult to prepare with most methods but are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide

《Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1,7-naphthyridine-2(1H)-thiones by the Electrocyclic Reaction of 4-(1-Arylalk-1-enyl)-3-isothiocyanatopyridines Generated in situ from the Corresponding Isocyanides》 was written by Kobayashi, Kazuhiro; Kozuki, Taketoshi; Suzuki, Teruhiko. Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide And the article was included in Helvetica Chimica Acta on April 17 ,2012. The article conveys some information:

A convenient synthesis for 4-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted 1,7-naphthyridine-2(1H)-thiones has been developed. The method is based on the electrocyclic reaction of 4-(1-arylalk-1-enyl)-3-isothiocyanatopyridines, generated in situ by the treatment of the resp. isocyanides with S8 in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium. The isocyanides can be easily prepared from com. available pyridin-3-amine by conventional organic reactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Primary amines having a tertiary alkyl group (R3CNH2) are difficult to prepare with most methods but are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.Quality Control of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kobayashi, Kazuhiro’s team published research in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 2011 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines have a free lone pair with which they can coordinate to metal centers. Amine–metal bonds are weaker because amines are incapable of backbonding, but they are still important for sensing applications.While stronger than hydrogen bonds, amine–metal bonds are still weaker than both covalent and ionic bonds.Application of 70298-88-3

Kobayashi, Kazuhiro; Kozuki, Taketoshi; Konishi, Manami; Suzuki, Teruhiko; Tanmatsu, Miyuki; Konishi, Hisatoshi published an article in Helvetica Chimica Acta. The title of the article was 《Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-ol Derivatives by the Reaction of Aryl(3-isocyanopyridin-4-yl)methanones with Aryl Grignard Reagents》.Application of 70298-88-3 The author mentioned the following in the article:

The reaction of aryl(3-isocyanopyridin-4-yl)methanones, e.g., I, easily prepared from com. available pyridin-3-amine, with aryl Grignard reagents gave, after aqueous workup, 2,3-diaryl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-ols. These rather unstable alcs. were O-acylated with Ac2O in pyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) to afford the corresponding 2,3-diaryl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl acetates, e.g., II, in relatively good yields. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Application of 70298-88-3)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. Amines have a free lone pair with which they can coordinate to metal centers. Amine–metal bonds are weaker because amines are incapable of backbonding, but they are still important for sensing applications.While stronger than hydrogen bonds, amine–metal bonds are still weaker than both covalent and ionic bonds.Application of 70298-88-3

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Estel, L.’s team published research in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry in 1989 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. The reaction of alkyl halides, R―X, where X is a halogen, or analogous reagents with ammonia (or amines) is useful with certain compounds. Not all alkyl halides are effective reagents; the reaction is sluggish with secondary alkyl groups and fails with tertiary ones. Its usefulness is largely confined to primary alkyl halides (those having two hydrogen atoms on the reacting site).Electric Literature of C10H14N2O

Estel, L.; Linard, F.; Marsais, F.; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. published an article on February 28 ,1989. The article was titled 《Synthesis of ortho-substituted aminopyridines. Metalation of pivaloylamino derivatives》, and you may find the article in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry.Electric Literature of C10H14N2O The information in the text is summarized as follows:

The three isomeric (pivaloylamino)pyridines were lithiated and treated with various electrophiles to afford ortho-substituted pivaloylaminopyridines in good yields. Secondary pyridine alcs. were oxidized to the corresponding aminopyridyl ketones. Pyridopyrimidines, benzonaphthyridines, as well as an analog of the natural antitumor alkaloid ellipticine, were synthesized by this method. The experimental process involved the reaction of 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Electric Literature of C10H14N2O)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. The reaction of alkyl halides, R―X, where X is a halogen, or analogous reagents with ammonia (or amines) is useful with certain compounds. Not all alkyl halides are effective reagents; the reaction is sluggish with secondary alkyl groups and fails with tertiary ones. Its usefulness is largely confined to primary alkyl halides (those having two hydrogen atoms on the reacting site).Electric Literature of C10H14N2O

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fiakpui, Charles Y.’s team published research in Drug Design and Delivery in 1990 | CAS: 70298-88-3

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).Computed Properties of C10H14N2O

《Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 3-alkoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino-4-benzoylpyridines》 was published in Drug Design and Delivery in 1990. These research results belong to Fiakpui, Charles Y.; Namchuk, Mark N.; Knaus, Edward E.. Computed Properties of C10H14N2O The article mentions the following:

3-Alkoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino-4-(arylcarbonyl)pyridines I (R1 = aryl; R2 = tert-Bu or CH2Ph; R3 = H or Me) or II, in which the chlorophenyl ring of dipeptidylaminobenzophenones is replaced by a pyridyl ring were synthesized and evaluated as anticonvulsants using s.c. pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure screening tests. The substituent on the aryl ring of the 4-arylcarbonyl moiety was a determinant of activity in both tests, the potency order of substituents being generally 2-F > 2-H > 2-Cl. Compounds possessing a 3-benzyloxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino substituent exhibited moderate activity in the scPTZ test, whereas all 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino derivatives were inactive. The test results in the scPTZ screen suggest that the 3-benzyloxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonyl(N-methyl)amino compounds may undergo biotransformation, at least in part, to pyrido[3,4-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-ones. 3-Alkoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonyl(N-methyl)amino-substituted compounds were always more potent than analogous 3-alkoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino-substituted compounds in the scPTZ test, whereas they were equipotent in the MES screen. Following oral administration, 3-benzyloxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonyl(N-methyl)amino-4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)pyridine exhibited a potency greater that that of valproic acid but less than that of clonazepam in the rat scPTZ screening test. 3-Benzyloxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino-4-(2-fluorobenzoyl)pyridine was the most potent compound in the rat oral MES screening test, exhibiting an activity greater than that of clonazepam but less than that of phenytion. The 3-alkoxycarbonylaminomethylcarbonylamino-4-(arylcarbonyl)pyridines had moderate affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor site(s); the IC50s in displacing 10 nM [3H]flunitazepam were in the 0.37-15.11 μM range (clonazepam = 0.003 μM). In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3Computed Properties of C10H14N2O)

2,2-Dimehtyl-N-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide(cas: 70298-88-3) belongs to anime. In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).Computed Properties of C10H14N2O

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics