One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time. 71776-70-0, Name is 4-Methylpentan-2-amine hydrochloride, formurla is C6H16ClN. In a document, author is Lin, Hung-Sung, introducing its new discovery. Product Details of 71776-70-0.
The impact of gamma-irradiation from radioactive liquid wastewater on polymeric structures of nanofiltration (NF) membranes
In this study, the impacts of gamma-irradiation from the lowand intermediate-level liquid radioactive wastewaters (LILW) to polyamide (PA) structures of nanofiltration (NF) membranes were investigated. As the gamma irradiation increased to 300 kGy in the aqueous solution at 5 bar, both the salt rejection and the water permeability of NF membranes were decreased from 95.6 +/- 0.1%-74.6 +/- 0.5%, and from 33.7 +/- 0.3 LMH to 21.4 +/- 0.5 LMH, respectively. The surface free energy and Young’s modulus of the membrane indicated the decrease in hydrophilicity and the increase in fragility of PA structure after gamma-irradiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the streaming potential analysis exhibited that the gamma-irradiation resulted the increase in the cross-linked portion of the amide bonding from 28% to 45% due to the gamma-induced new bonding between unbound carboxylic groups and amine groups. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirmed that the poly(pphenylene) in polyamide structure were changed to poly(cyclohexane) and poly(cyclohexene) by hydrogen radical disproportionation generated from the gamma-irradiated water, and it is responsible to the increase of the cross-linked PA structures. The decrease in salt rejection and water permeability is attributed to the aging of PA structures by gamma-irradiation, thus, should be carefully monitored during the treatment of LILW using NF membrane processes.
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