Determination of metabolic phenotype and potential biomarkers in the liver of heroin addicted mice with hepatotoxicity was written by Li, Liang;Li, Jieyan;Cao, Haijie;Wang, Qiuhong;Zhou, Zhengzheng;Zhao, Hu;Kuang, Haixue. And the article was included in Life Sciences in 2021.Formula: C11H15N2O8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Heroin is a semi-synthetic opioid that is commonly abused drugs in the world. It can cause hepatic injury and lead to multiple organs dysfunction to its addicts. Only a few reports exist on the metabolic changes and mechanisms in the liver of heroin-addicted mice with hepatic injury. Twelve adult male Kunming mice (30-40 g) were divided into two groups randomly. The mice in the heroin-addicted group were injected s.c. in the first ten days with an increased dosage of heroin from 10 mg/kg to 55 mg/kg. The dosage was then stabilized at 55 mg/kg for three days. The control group was injected with the same amount of saline in the same manner. The hepatic injury was confirmed through the combination of histopathol. observation and aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) determination The withdrawal symptoms were recorded and used for assessment of heroin addiction. Eventually, liver metabolic biomarkers of heroin-addicted mice with hepatotoxicity were measured using UHPLC-MS/MS. Biochem. anal. and histopathol. observation showed that heroin-addicted mice had a liver injury. The liver metabolites of heroin-addicted mice changed significantly. Metabonomics anal. revealed 41 metabolites in the liver of addicted heroin mice as biomarkers involving 34 metabolic pathways. Among them, glutathione metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, vitamin B2 metabolism, riboflavin metabolism, and single-carbon metabolism pathways were markedly disputed. Heroin damages the liver and disrupts the liver’s metabolic pathways. Glutathione, taurine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxate, folic acid, and methionine are important metabolic biomarkers, which may be key targets of heroin-induced liver damage. Thus, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of heroin-induced hepatotoxicity and potential biomarkers of liver damage. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Formula: C11H15N2O8P).
((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Formula: C11H15N2O8P
Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics