Exposure of 19 substances to lung A549 cells at the air liquid interface or under submerged conditions reveals high correlation between cytotoxicity in vitro and CLP classifications for acute lung toxicity was written by Gohlsch, Katrin;Mueckter, Harald;Steinritz, Dirk;Aufderheide, Michaela;Hoffmann, Sebastian;Gudermann, Thomas;Breit, Andreas. And the article was included in Toxicology Letters in 2019.Category: amides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:
In vivo experiments are still widely used for the testing of lung toxicity but there is an ethical and legal obligation to replace, reduce and refine animal testing. Lung A549 cells could serve as an in vitro indicator for acute lung toxicity but little data about the correlation of the cytotoxicity in A549 cells and data leading to CLP classifications are available. The authors exposed A549 cells to 19 CLP-classified substances with doses of 25, 50, and 100μg/Cm2 either under submerged (SME) condition or with aerosols at the air-liquid interface (ALIF) and determined accuracy, precision, sensitivity and the F1 score with the CLP classifications H330, H332, or H335. When data from both exposure methods were combined, the authors found accuracies of 0.84, precisions of 0.74, sensitivities of 0.93 and F1 scores of 0.82. Separated from each other, ALIF exposure was more sensitive at any dose but, at higher doses, also less accurate and precise compared to SME. Considering the 19 substances tested, the authors’ data suggest that cytotoxicity in A549 cells could be a reliable in vitro indicator for in vivo toxicity. Thus, the authors discuss how A549 could be integrated into validation test guidelines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4Category: amides-buliding-blocks).
N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. Amides are not in general accessible by the direct condensation of amines with carboxylic acids for two reasons: first, both components are readily deactivated by a transfer of a proton from the acid to the amine and second, the hydroxy unit on the carbonyl of the acid is a relatively poor leaving group. Nevertheless, the formation of five- and six-membered rings is often surprisingly simple provided that other factors can be brought into play to assist in the condensation.Category: amides-buliding-blocks
Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics