Month: December 2022

An assessment of chemical and biological product use in aquaculture in Bangladesh was written by Ali, Hazrat;Rico, Andreu;Murshed-e-Jahan, Khondker;Belton, Ben. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2016.Related Products of 10543-57-4 This article mentions the following:

The aim of this study is to describe current chem. use practices in the aquaculture sector of Bangladesh and to identify the factors that influence them. A survey on the use of chem. and biol. products was conducted between Nov. 2011 and June 2012 using structured questionnaires administered to operators of nine farm groups, including homestead ponds, carps, tilapias, koi fish, shrimps, shrimps and prawns, prawns, rice and fish, and pangas. Farm type and farm owner characteristics were used as independent variables to explain observed chem. use. Forty-six chem. and biol. products (7 water and sediment treatment compounds, 13 disinfectants, 7 antibiotics, 7 pesticides, 8 fertilizers and 4 feed additives and probiotics) were reported to be applied in aquaculture. The use of disinfectants and antibiotics was found to be highest in intensive koi and pangas farms as compared to other farm groups, whereas the use of fertilizers was lowest in these farm groups. A higher percentage of prawn and shrimp/prawn farmers applied pesticides than other farm groups. A multivariate anal. showed that patterns of use of chem. and biol. products were significantly different across aquaculture farm groups, with the largest number of chem. compounds used by the intensive koi farm group. The study shows that, despite rapid expansion of com. aquaculture in Bangladesh, use of chem. and biol. products is still relatively low compared to other aquaculture producing countries in Asia. However, despite this finding, the study identified a large number of compounds that are currently in use, and that require further regulation and evaluation regarding their potential environmental and human health impacts, as already done in most developed countries. Chem. use practices in Bangladesh. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4Related Products of 10543-57-4).

N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4) belongs to amides. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Related Products of 10543-57-4

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Evidence and isolation of tetrahedral intermediates formed upon the addition of lithium carbenoids to Weinreb amides and N-acylpyrroles was written by Castoldi, Laura;Holzer, Wolfgang;Langer, Thierry;Pace, Vittorio. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2017.Reference of 116332-61-7 This article mentions the following:

The tetrahedral intermediates generated upon the addition of halolithium carbenoids (LiCH₂X and LiCHXY) to Weinreb amides have been intercepted and fully characterized as O-TMS heminals. The com. available N-trimethylsilyl imidazole is the ideal trapping agent whose employment, combined with a straightforward neutral Alox chromatog. purification, enables the isolation of such labile species. The procedure could be advantageously extended also for obtaining O-TMS heminals from N-acylpyrroles. These intermediates manifest interesting reactivity including as precursors of more complex carbenoids. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7Reference of 116332-61-7).

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7) belongs to amides. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Reference of 116332-61-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

CAN promoted synthesis of amide derivatives: a green technology for pharmaceuticals was written by Gupta, Neerja;Naaz, Ruby. And the article was included in International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences in 2010.Name: 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide This article mentions the following:

This method displays both economic and environmental advantages. High yields were achieved even on a gram scale, while reaction times are considerably shortened. Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was found to be an efficient catalyst for the solid-phase green synthesis of carboxamides with urea in excellent yields under microwave irradiation Addnl., pharmaceutical applications of the amides were reviewed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide (cas: 10268-06-1Name: 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide).

2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide (cas: 10268-06-1) belongs to amides. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Name: 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Crystal Structure Analysis of N¹,N³-dicyclohexyl-N¹-(all-trans-retinoyl)urea was written by Vachlioti, Eleanna;Kalantzi, Stefania;Papaioannou, Dionissios;Nastopoulos, Vassilios. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical Crystallography in 2022.Application of 2387-23-7 This article mentions the following:

The title compound, C₃₃H₅₀N₂O₂, was a side product in the reaction of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) with N-hydroxysuccinimide, in the presence of the coupling agent N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which produced the ‘active’ ester succinimidyl all-trans-retinoate as the product. It crystallized in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The compound was characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, ESI-MS and IR spectroscopy and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. For example in the ¹³C-NMR spectrum, diagnostic peaks are those of the two amide carbonyl C atoms at δ 169.5 and 154.2 ppm, the ten olefinic C atoms of the unsaturated chain of atRA moiety at δ 149.0, 139.3, 137.7, 137.3, 134.9, 130.2, 130.0, 129.4, 128.5 and 121.5 ppm and the two methine C atoms of the N,N’-dicyclohexylurea moiety at δ 57.9 and 49.5 ppm. Detailed anal. of its mol. and supramol. structure showed that close-packing principles (elongated shape/large hydrophobic region of the mol.) together with chem. factors (N-H···O and C-H···O intermol. interactions) direct the 3D self-assembly process in the crystalline state. Hirshfeld surface anal. was employed, a powerful approach to quickly and easily gain insight into mol. environments in the crystalline state. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7Application of 2387-23-7).

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7) belongs to amides. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Application of 2387-23-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Inhibition of methotrexate transport from cerebrospinal fluid by probenecid was written by Spector, Reynold;Levy, Peter. And the article was included in Cancer Treatment Reports in 1976.Reference of 7413-34-5 This article mentions the following:

In rabbits, the efflux of intraventricularly injected Na methotrexate (I Na salt) [7413-34-5] from the cerebrospinal fluid was retarded by pretreatment with probenecid [57-66-9] (200 mg/kg, i.p.). In vitro, the ability of the isolated choroid plexus to concentrate methotrexate was depressed by the inclusion of probenecid in the incubation medium. These exptl. results are consistent with the hypothesis that probenecid depresses the clearance of methotrexate from the cerebrospinal fluid by blocking the transport of methotrexate from cerebrospinal fluid to blood via the choroid plexus. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium (S)-2-(4-(((2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)benzamido)pentanedioate (cas: 7413-34-5Reference of 7413-34-5).

Sodium (S)-2-(4-(((2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)benzamido)pentanedioate (cas: 7413-34-5) belongs to amides. Amides can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid RC(=O)OH with the hydroxyl group –OH replaced by an amine group −NR′R″; or, equivalently, an acyl (alkanoyl) group RC(=O)− joined to an amine group. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Reference of 7413-34-5

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Oxovanadium(V)-catalyzed amination of carbon dioxide under ambient pressure for the synthesis of ureas was written by Moriuchi, Toshiyuki;Sakuramoto, Takashi;Matsutani, Takanari;Kawai, Ryota;Donaka, Yosuke;Tobisu, Mamoru;Hirao, Toshikazu. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2021.Related Products of 2387-23-7 This article mentions the following:

Carbon dioxide is regarded as a reliable C1 building block in organic synthesis because of the nontoxic, abundant, and economical characteristics of carbon dioxide. In this manuscript, a com. available oxovanadium(V) compound was demonstrated to serve as an efficient catalyst for the catalytic amination of carbon dioxide under ambient pressure in the synthesis of ureas. The catalytic transformation of chiral amines into the corresponding chiral ureas without loss of chirality was also performed. Furthermore, a gram-scale catalytic urea synthesis under ambient pressure was successfully achieved to validate the scalability of this catalytic activation of carbon dioxide. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7Related Products of 2387-23-7).

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. Amides are stable compounds. The lower-melting members (such as acetamide) can be readily purified by fractional distillation. Most amides are solids which have low solubilities in water.Related Products of 2387-23-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Enabling the Cross-Coupling of Tertiary Organoboron Nucleophiles through Radical-Mediated Alkyl Transfer was written by Primer, David N.;Molander, Gary A.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2017.Reference of 192436-83-2 This article mentions the following:

The construction of quaternary centers is a common challenge in the synthesis of complex materials and natural products. Current cross-coupling strategies that can be generalized for setting these centers are sparse and, when known, are typically predicated on the use of reactive organometallic reagents. To address this shortcoming a new, photoredox-Ni dual catalytic strategy for the cross-coupling of tertiary organoboron reagents with aryl halides is reported. In addition to details on the cross-coupling scope and limitations, full screening efforts and mechanistic experiments are communicated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2Reference of 192436-83-2).

4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Reference of 192436-83-2

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gold-Catalyzed Intermolecular [4+2] Annulation of 2-Ethynylanilines with Ynamides: An Access to Substituted 2-Aminoquinolines was written by Zhao, Ximei;Song, Xinlong;Jin, Hongming;Zeng, Zhongyi;Wang, Qian;Rudolph, Matthias;Rominger, Frank;Hashmi, A. Stephen K.. And the article was included in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis in 2018.Computed Properties of C9H13NO2S This article mentions the following:

A gold-catalyzed intermol. [4+2] annulation of easily accessible 2-ethynylanilines with ynamides offered a highly regioselective, modular, efficient and atom-economical strategy for the synthesis of substituted 2-aminoquinolines such as I [R¹ = H, 6-F, 6-Cl, 6-CF₃, 6-Me; R² = Ph, 4-MeOC₆H₄, 2-thienyl, etc.; R³ = Me, n-Pr, Bn, etc.; R⁴ = Tosyl, Mesyl, Benzenesulfonyl] in up to 93% yield. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Isopropylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 5339-69-5Computed Properties of C9H13NO2S).

N-Isopropylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 5339-69-5) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. Amides can be freed from solvent or water by drying below their melting points. These purifications can also be used for sulfonamides and acid hydrazides.Computed Properties of C9H13NO2S

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Polyazanaphthalenes. III. Some derivatives of 1,3,5-and 1,3,8-triazanaphthalene was written by Oakes, V.;Pascoe, R.;Rydon, H. N.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1956.Recommanded Product: 50608-99-6 This article mentions the following:

Derivatives of 1,3,5- and 1,3,8-triazanaphthalenes were prepared from the corresponding 2,4-dihydroxy compounds 3-Aminopicolinic acid (I), m. 210°, (26 g.) was prepared by adding aqueous NaOBr, from 56 g. Br and 350 ml. 15% NaOH, to a solution of 50 g. quinolinimide in 1 l. of ice-cold 10% NaOH, and was kept at room temperature for 1 hr. and at 85° for 1 hr., cooled, adjusted to pH 5 with 50% H₂SO₄, filtered, added to Cu(OAc)₂ and freed with H₂S. Some 2-aminonicotinic acid (II) was obtained on filtration. The Et ester of I, m. 132°, and hydrazine hydrate gave 3-aminopicolinic hydrazide (III), m. 103°. III and acetone gave acetone 3-aminopicolinoylhydrazone, m. 172°, while NalO₃ and in aqueous NH₃ gave 3-aminopicolinamide, m. 184°; picrate, m. 214°. Similarly, the Et ester of II, m. 96°, 2-aminonicotinic hydrazide, m. 176° and acetone 2-aminonicotinoylhydrazone (IV), m. 179° were prepared IV and NaIO₃ in aqueous NH₃ gave 2-aminonicotinaldehyde. 2-R-4-R’ disubstituted 1,3,5-triazanaphthalene (IVa) (R = R’ = OH) (V) 6 g., m. above 380°, was prepared by heating a mixture of 13 g. I and 7 g. (H₂N)₂CO at 190-200° for 30 min., dissolving the product in 200 ml. 2N NaOH and precipitating with CO₂. Distillation of V with Zn dust gave 1,3,4-triazaindene, m. 152°. 2,4-Dihydroxy-1,3,8-triazanaphthalene (VI), m. 361°, was prepared by the method of Robins and Hitchings (C.A. 50, 2604c). IVa (R = R’ == Cl) (VII) 3.25 g., m. 173°, was prepared by heating a mixture of 5 g. V, 75 ml. POCl₃ and 10 ml. Et₃N (VIII) for 6 hrs. VII was also obtained when PhNMe₂ was used in place of VIII. Et₂NH gave IVa (R = Cl, R’ = EtPhN), m. 168°. Reduction of VII over PtO₂ or in the presence of MgO gave impure 1,3,5-triazanaphthalene, (picrate m. 191°). Other IVa were prepared by the reaction of VII with (H₂N)₂CS, EtSNa, and RONa were (R, R’-m.p. given): HS, HS (IX), 340°; EtS, EtS, 56°; MeO, MeO, 138°; EtO, EtO, 110°. A mixture of 3 g. Me₂SO₄, 250 mg. V, and 10 ml. 2N NaOH was shaken, allowed to stand overnight, NH₄OH was added, the solution extracted with CHCl₃ and on evaporation gave 140 mg. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,5-triazanaphthalene, m. 246°. NH₃ and 1 g. VII in 20 g. of boiling PhOH gave after cooling and treatment with 25% NaOH, IVa (R = R’ = NH₂), m. 318°. Similarly in dioxane NH₃ and VII gave IVa (R = Cl, R’ = NH₂) (X), m. 265°. X and (H₂N)₂CS gave IVa (R = SH, R’ = NH₂) (XI), m. 344°. IX and NH₄OH gave XI. IVa (R = H, R’ = NH₂) (XII), m. 224° was prepared by heating XI with Raney Ni in alc. NH₃. IVa (R = H, R’ = HO) (XIII), m.p. 342° was prepared by heating 50 mg. XII with 8 ml. 5N HCl at 100° for 30 min. followed by treatment with 2N Na₂CO₃, and by heating I and HCONH₂ at 130° for 2.5 hrs. and at 180° for 2.5 hrs. IVa (R = Cl, R’ = Et₂N), m. 82°, and IVa [R = Cl, R’ = Et₂N(CH₂)₃NH], m. 128° were prepared by heating the corresponding amine with VII in dioxane. N₂H₄.H₂O and VII in cold dioxane gave on filtration 2 (or 4)-hydrazino-4(or 2)-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazanaphthalene, m. 385° and dilution of the dioxane filtrate with ethanol gave IVa (R = R’ = H₂NNH), m. 266°. Similarly, the following derivatives of 2-R-4-R’ substituted 1,3,8-triazanaphthalene were prepared (R, R’, m.p. given). HO, HO, 361°; Cl, Cl, (XIV) 160°; EtS, EtS, 76°; NH₂, NH₂, 342°; Cl, NH₂, above 360°; HS, HO, 360°; H, HO, 255-6°. Reduction of XIV over PtO₂ or in the presence of MgO gave 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,4-dimethoxy-1,3,8-triazanaphthalene. 3-Aminoisonicotinic acid formed a hydrazide, m. 187°. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Aminopicolinamide (cas: 50608-99-6Recommanded Product: 50608-99-6).

3-Aminopicolinamide (cas: 50608-99-6) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. Amides are stable compounds. The lower-melting members (such as acetamide) can be readily purified by fractional distillation. Most amides are solids which have low solubilities in water.Recommanded Product: 50608-99-6

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Enhanced biopharmaceutical effects of tranilast on experimental colitis model with use of self-micellizing solid dispersion technology was written by Kojo, Yoshiki;Suzuki, Hiroki;Kato, Kouki;Kaneko, Yuuki;Yuminoki, Kayo;Hashimoto, Naofumi;Sato, Hideyuki;Seto, Yoshiki;Onoue, Satomi. And the article was included in International Journal of Pharmaceutics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) in 2018.Category: amides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The present study aimed to clarify the applicability of a self-micellizing solid dispersion of tranilast (SMSD/TL) to the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) using an exptl. colitis model. SMSD/TL with several loading amounts ranging from 10 to 50% was prepared using a wet-milling system. The physicochem. properties of SMSD/TL were evaluated in terms of the dissolution behavior, morphol., and particle size distribution. Animal studies were conducted to evaluate oral bioavailability in rats and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of chem. induced colitis. SMSD/TL with drug loading of 15% (SMSD/TL15) showed enhanced dissolution behavior at pH 1.2, compared with other tested other formulations. After the dispersion of SMSD/TL15 in deionized water, fine micelles formed with an average diameter of 137 nm. SMSD/TL15 (10 mg-TL/kg) exhibited about 147- and 34-fold greater value for C_max and the area under the curve of plasma concentration vs. time than crystalline TL, resp. Although the anti-inflammatory effect on the colitis model was very limited in the crystalline TL (2 mg/kg) group, inflammatory events, such as myeloperoxidase activity and thickening of the submucosa in colon tissues, were significantly suppressed in the SMSD/TL15 (2 mg-TL/kg) group. Based on these findings, SMSD/TL might be a more efficacious dosage option for improved IBD treatment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8Category: amides-buliding-blocks).

2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. The presence of the amide group –C(=O)N– is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. It can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups in IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(=O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.Category: amides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics