Month: December 2022

The effect of methotrexate on chemical carcinogenesis of hamster buccal pouch was written by Shklar, Gerald;Cataldo, Edmund;Fitzgerald, Arthur L.. And the article was included in Cancer Research in 1966.Electric Literature of C20H20N8Na2O5 This article mentions the following:

Na methotrexate, injected subcutaneously 3 times weekly at 0.0625 mg., on the same days that the right buccal pouch was painted with 0.5% 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, augmented neoplastic formation induced by the carcinogen in hamsters. The tumors were also more anaplastic and of greater size in the group given Na methotrexate. Na methotrexate was not carcinogenic by itself, and the drug treatments did not result in toxicity, decreased food consumption, or loss of body weight 16 references. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium (S)-2-(4-(((2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)benzamido)pentanedioate (cas: 7413-34-5Electric Literature of C20H20N8Na2O5).

Sodium (S)-2-(4-(((2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)benzamido)pentanedioate (cas: 7413-34-5) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Electric Literature of C20H20N8Na2O5

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Non-target screening analysis of river water as compound-related base for monitoring measures was written by Schwarzbauer, Jan;Ricking, Mathias. And the article was included in Environmental Science and Pollution Research in 2010.Name: N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) This article mentions the following:

Building up a comprehensive accurate monitoring program requires the knowledge on the contamination in principal, complemented by detailed information on individual contaminants. The selection of pollutants to be considered in monitoring actions is based dominantly on the information available about their environmental relevance (e.g., persistence, bioaccumulation potential, toxicol. and ecotoxicol. properties) and their occurrence within the affected environmental system. Therefore, this study focused on the identification of organic contaminants in selected German and European rivers to demonstrate the usefulness of a screening approach as complementary base for the compound selection process within monitoring activities. Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry-based screening analyses were performed on five and six samples from German and European rivers, resp. Identification of individual contaminants was based on the investigation of mass spectral and gas chromatog. properties compared with databases and reference materials. This study summarized the results of non-target screening analyses applied to river water samples and focused dominantly on, so far, unnoticed organic contaminants. Numerous compounds have been identified belonging to the groups of pharmaceuticals, tech. additives, pesticides, personal care products, and oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing compounds of obviously anthropogenic origin. They are discussed in terms of their structural properties, their possible application or usage, and the environmental information available so far. Generally, two different groups of compounds have been differentiated that might contribute to potential monitoring programs. Firstly, more specific contaminants characterizing the individual riverine systems have been depicted (e.g., 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline, di-iso-propylurea). The consideration of these substances in monitoring analyses to be applied to the corresponding catchment areas is recommended in order to monitor the real state of pollution. Secondly, contaminants have been introduced that appeared with higher multiplicity throughout the different river systems (e.g., TMDD, TXIB). Since these compounds tend to obviously have an elevated environmental stability accompanied by a widespread distribution, it is recommended to consider them in international high-scale monitoring programs. For monitoring purposes, a fundamental knowledge on the diversity of pollutants is an important precondition, which can be supported by screening analyses. Obviously, numerous organic contaminants have been neglected so far in environmental studies on river water, comprising also investigation on potential harmful effects and, therefore, their implementation in monitoring activities has been hindered. Therefore, based on the results of this study, screening analyses should be established as principle tools to improve and complement the substance spectra for monitoring purposes. Secondly, scientific efforts should be strengthened to expand our knowledge on actually appearing organic contaminants in riverine systems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4Name: N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)).

N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. Amides can be freed from solvent or water by drying below their melting points. These purifications can also be used for sulfonamides and acid hydrazides.Name: N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wnt/β-catenin antagonist pyrvinium rescues high dose isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Biochemical and immunohistological evidences was written by Srivastava, Shriyansh;Yadav, Shubham;Singh, Gaaminepreet;Bajwa, Shamsher Singh. And the article was included in Chemico-Biological Interactions in 2022.Electric Literature of C23H28ClN3O5S This article mentions the following:

The up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces cardiac function abnormalities, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in diabetic hypertensive and pressure overload models. The present study investigates the cardioprotective effects of Wnt/β-catenin inhibition on isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. ISO was administered at a dose of 85 mg/kg (s.c) for 2 days. Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor pyrvinium (60μg/kg, p.o) was given 2h prior and glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg; p.o, 2 h after ISO injection. Cardiac function parameters were assessed on isolated hearts by using automated Biopac apparatus The β-catenin transcription and expression was detected by RT-PCR technique and immunohistochem. method. Serum and cardiac tissue biochem. changes including cardiac troponin-I, CK-MB, LDH, anti-oxidant enzyme levels, inflammatory cytokines, and membrane associated Na+/K + ATPase and Ca2+ATPase and caspase-3 activity, collagen content, fibronectin protein levels were evaluated in various study groups. Histol. studies were also carried out to analyze the cardiomyocyte damage, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and necrosis, while α-SMA, TGF-β expression was checked by immunostaining. ISO administration enhanced β-catenin gene expression and transcription which promoted oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammatory cytokine release, reduced ATP levels, induced over-expression of fibrotic proteins resulting in cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis, functional and histol. changes. However, antagonism of Wnt/β-catenin pathway attenuated these ISO induced pathol. manifestations. Notably, the co-treatment with ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor partially, reduced the cardioprotective effects of Wnt/β-catenin blocker pyrvinium in ISO rats. Thus Wnt/β-catenin inhibition exhibits cardioprotective in ISO model by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic properties and by possible involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide (cas: 10238-21-8Electric Literature of C23H28ClN3O5S).

5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide (cas: 10238-21-8) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. The presence of the amide group –C(=O)N– is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. It can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups in IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(=O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.Electric Literature of C23H28ClN3O5S

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Indicators for the Exposure Assessment of Transformation Products of Organic Micropollutants was written by Gasser, Lukas;Fenner, Kathrin;Scheringer, Martin. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2007.Reference of 2670-38-4 This article mentions the following:

Environmental transformation products of organic trace pollutants have the potential to be similarly or even more mobile, persistent, or toxic than their parent compounds They should, therefore, be included in chem. hazard and risk assessment procedures, as well as in the assessment of soil and water quality. To fulfill this requirement most efficiently, screening approaches that select relevant transformation products for detailed assessment are needed. This paper presents two process-based multimedia, multispecies models that allow us to quant. estimate the environmental fate of transformation products. The resulting exposure patterns are assessed with two indicators: joint persistence (JP), which describes the temporal extent of environmental exposure to a parent compound and its transformation products, and the predicted relative aquatic concentrations (RACs), which estimate the relative concentrations of parent compounds and their transformation products in surface water bodies. As a case study, JP and RAC are calculated for 16 pesticides and their relevant transformation products. The results for the JP indicator confirm the importance of considering transformation products in the assessment of overall persistence; for example, in the context of PBT (physiol. based toxicokinetics) assessments. Comparison of RAC results with monitoring data on herbicides and their transformation products shows the suitability of our approach for estimating relative concentrations in surface water, and, as a consequence, its usefulness in identifying transformation products for future water quality monitoring programs. Transformation products of triketones and other highly used acidic herbicides are specifically identified as targets. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,4-Dichlorobenzamide (cas: 2670-38-4Reference of 2670-38-4).

3,4-Dichlorobenzamide (cas: 2670-38-4) belongs to amides. Amides can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid RC(=O)OH with the hydroxyl group –OH replaced by an amine group −NR′R″; or, equivalently, an acyl (alkanoyl) group RC(=O)− joined to an amine group. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Reference of 2670-38-4

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Determination of tranilast in bio-samples by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic and brain tissue distribution study in rats was written by Yang, Wen;Sabi-mouka, Eboka Majolene B.;Wang, Lei;Shu, Chang;Wang, Yan;Ding, Juefang;Ding, Li. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis in 2018.COA of Formula: C18H17NO5 This article mentions the following:

As a potent drug used to improve the neurodegenerative conditions, there is few information about the brain tissue distribution of tranilast by now. In this study, a novel sensitive LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated to determine tranilast in rat brain tissue samples. The calibration curve showed good linearity ranged from 2.140 to 428.0 ng·mL^-1. The method was fully validated and successfully applied in the brain tissue distribution study of tranilast in rats, which had never been reported in detail by now. Furthermore, a rapid LC-MS/MS method with a short run time of 3 min was developed and validated for the determination of tranilast in rat plasma and the application to a pharmacokinetic study of tranilast in rats. After oral dosage of 10.5 mg·kg^-1 tranilast, the maximum plasma concentration (C¹_max) of tranilast was (18.59±5.40) μg·mL^-1 at (0.667±0.408) h while the area under the curve (AUC_0-24) was (54.87±14.13) μg·h·mL^-1 with the elimination half-life of (2.93±0.41) h. The ratio calculated by dividing the concentration of tranilast in brain with the concentration of tranilast in the plasma, was (0.6042% ± 0.0572%), (0.7484% ± 0.0883%), (0.5914% ± 0.0416%) and (0.3830% ± 0.1632%) at 0.167, 0.5, 2 and 8 h, resp. The results showed that tranilast with fast absorption could penetrate the rat brain blood barrier after oral gavage. The obtained data also showed that tranilast could be quickly distributed and eliminated in brain tissue. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8COA of Formula: C18H17NO5).

2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. The presence of the amide group –C(=O)N– is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. It can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups in IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(=O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.COA of Formula: C18H17NO5

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Poly(N-[4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]acrylamide) with different ratio of poly(vinyl chloride) composite membrane for liquid phase sensing of alcohol was written by Mahato, Manmatha;Ghosh, Alokesh;Roy, Hena;Bhattacharyya, Nabarun;Adhikari, Basudam. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Polymer Science in 2017.Synthetic Route of C13H24N2O This article mentions the following:

Functionalized polymer membranes have been used as sensor materials for fabrication of electronic tongue. Here, the authors report the synthesis and characterization of a novel poly(N-[4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]acrylamide) (PNTA) for liquid phase aliphatic alc. sensing as membranes prepared after blending with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Three PNTA-PVC based membranes were prepared for sensing of six aliphatic alcs. Polymer membranes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Polar groups on PNTA mols. contribute to the alc. sensing characteristics. The membrane elec. potential, generated by the interaction between membrane surface and aqueous aliphatic alcs., was monitored with the developed multi-channel electrode based prototype sensing system (MEBPSS). The polymer membranes showed distinct and repeatable response patterns toward different aliphatic alcs. Among them PNTA-PVC12 membrane showed maximum discrimination ability due to the PNTA mols. on the membrane surface with highest charge d. as ascertained from field emission scanning electron microscopic studies. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7Synthetic Route of C13H24N2O).

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Synthetic Route of C13H24N2O

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Antioxidant and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activities of phenolic extracts and fractions derived from three phenolic-rich legume varieties was written by Zhang, Yan;Pechan, Tibor;Chang, Sam K. C.. And the article was included in Journal of Functional Foods in 2018.Name: 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea This article mentions the following:

Lentil, black soybean and black turtle bean are commonly consumed legumes of different genera, containing high phenolic contents, which are effective antioxidants and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. However, these legumes’ phenolic compositions and ACE inhibition ability have not been compared. Crude water extract (CE) was semi-purified (SPE) and fractionated using column chromatog. Results showed that purification and fractionation could substantially increase phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities. Heating and variety had great effect on phenolic substances, antioxidant potential and mass yield of extracts and fractions. Only crude extracts showed potent ACE inhibitory activity. Black turtle bean’s ACE inhibition potential was largely reduced by cooking. The order from low to high in terms of ACE inhibitory activity was black turtle bean < lentil < black soybean. Identification and quantification of individual phenolic compounds by UV spectroscopy and LC-MSⁿ anal. confirmed 18, 22, and 14 compounds, resp., for the three legumes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7Name: 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea).

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7) belongs to amides. The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water. The presence of the amide group –C(=O)N– is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. It can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups in IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(=O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.Name: 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Organotypic brain explant culture as a drug evaluation system for malignant brain tumors was written by Minami, Noriaki;Maeda, Yusuke;Shibao, Shunsuke;Arima, Yoshimi;Ohka, Fumiharu;Kondo, Yutaka;Maruyama, Koji;Kusuhara, Masatoshi;Sasayama, Takashi;Kohmura, Eiji;Saya, Hideyuki;Sampetrean, Oltea. And the article was included in Cancer Medicine in 2017.Name: 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid This article mentions the following:

Therapeutic options for malignant brain tumors are limited, with new drugs being continuously evaluated. Organotypic brain slice culture has been adopted for neuroscience studies as a system that preserves brain architecture, cellular function, and the vascular network. However, the suitability of brain explants for anticancer drug evaluation has been unclear. We here adopted a mouse model of malignant glioma based on expression of H-Ras^V12 in Ink4a/Arf^-/- neural stem/progenitor cells to establish tumor-bearing brain explants from adult mice. We treated the slices with cisplatin, temozolomide, paclitaxel, or tranilast and investigated the minimal assays required to assess drug effects. Serial fluorescence-based tumor imaging was sufficient for evaluation of cisplatin, a drug with a pronounced cytotoxic action, whereas immunostaining of cleaved caspase 3 (a marker of apoptosis) and of Ki67 (a marker of cell proliferation) was necessary for the assessment of temozolomide action and immunostaining for phosphorylated histone H3 (a marker of mitosis) allowed visualization of paclitaxel-specific effects. Staining for cleaved caspase 3 was also informative in the assessment of drug toxicity for normal brain tissue. Incubation of explants with fluorescently labeled antibodies to CD31 allowed real-time imaging of the microvascular network and complemented time-lapse imaging of tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissue. Our results suggest that a combination of fluorescence imaging and immunohistol. staining allows a unified assessment of the effects of various classes of drug on the survival, proliferation, and invasion of glioma cells, and that organotypic brain slice culture is therefore a useful tool for evaluation of antiglioma drugs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8Name: 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid).

2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8) belongs to amides. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. Amides are not in general accessible by the direct condensation of amines with carboxylic acids for two reasons: first, both components are readily deactivated by a transfer of a proton from the acid to the amine and second, the hydroxy unit on the carbonyl of the acid is a relatively poor leaving group. Nevertheless, the formation of five- and six-membered rings is often surprisingly simple provided that other factors can be brought into play to assist in the condensation.Name: 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An Assessment of the Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Properties of the Methanol Extract of Erythrophleum guineense Stem Bark in Albino Rats was written by Akande, Motunrayo Ganiyat;Nwinyi, Florence Chimezie;Egua, Maxwell Osaronowen;Ode, Julius Okwoche;Onakpa, Michael Monday;Mikail, Hudu Garba;Onoja, Samuel Okwudili;Mohammed, Adamu;Akumka, David Dezi. And the article was included in Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants in 2022.Name: 5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide This article mentions the following:

Erythrophleum guineense G. Don is an enormous shade species that is indigenous to moist regions of Africa. Various forms of its bark are used to treat heart diseases, edema, headache, and body pains. In this study, the stem bark of Erythrophleum guineense was subjected to double maceration and extracted with 80methanol. The methanol extract was screened for its phytochem. components and in vitro antioxidant activity through the utilization of the Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity procedures. The acute toxicity of the plant extract was evaluated using Lorke’s method in albino rats. Screening was conducted in normoglycemic and glucose-challenged albino rats to determine the plant extract’s control of blood glucose levels. The doses of the methanol extract of Erythrophleum guineense tested in rats through the oral route were 100, 200, and 400 mg kg^-1 body weights of the rats. The effects were compared with glibenclamide (0.2 mg kg^-1 per os) and normal saline. The phytochem. constituents of the methanol extract of Erythrophleum guineense were saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and alkaloids. The results indicated that the plant extract possessed antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. Further research is warranted to isolate the active hypoglycemic principle of the stem bark of Erythrophleum guineense. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide (cas: 10238-21-8Name: 5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide).

5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide (cas: 10238-21-8) belongs to amides. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. Amides can be freed from solvent or water by drying below their melting points. These purifications can also be used for sulfonamides and acid hydrazides.Name: 5-Chloro-N-(4-(N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl)phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

3-(7-Azaindolyl)-4-arylmaleimides as potent, selective inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 was written by Zhang, Han-Cheng;Ye, Hong;Conway, Bruce R.;Derian, Claudia K.;Addo, Michael F.;Kuo, Gee-Hong;Hecker, Leonard R.;Croll, Diane R.;Li, Jian;Westover, Lori;Xu, Jun Z.;Look, Richard;Demarest, Keith T.;Andrade-Gordon, Patricia;Damiano, Bruce P.;Maryanoff, Bruce E.. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2004.Electric Literature of C8H8ClNO This article mentions the following:

A novel series of acyclic 3-(7-azaindolyl)-4-(aryl/heteroaryl)maleimides, e.g., I and II, was synthesized and evaluated for activity against GSK-3β and selectivity vs. PKC-βII, as well as a broad panel of protein kinases. Compounds I and II potently inhibited GSK-3β (IC₅₀=7 and 26 nM, resp.) and exhibited excellent selectivity over PKC-βII (325 and >385-fold, resp.). Compound I was also highly selective against 68 other protein kinases. In a cell-based functional assay, both I and II effectively increased glycogen synthase activity by inhibiting GSK-3β. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide (cas: 10268-06-1Electric Literature of C8H8ClNO).

2-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide (cas: 10268-06-1) belongs to amides. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. Amides are stable compounds. The lower-melting members (such as acetamide) can be readily purified by fractional distillation. Most amides are solids which have low solubilities in water.Electric Literature of C8H8ClNO

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics